Types of Fractures

Fractures are very common. The average person can get this at least twice in their lifetime. They bring a physical force on the bone that is stronger than itself. The risk of fracture depends more on the age. Broken bones are more common in childhood than with adults. That is because, as you age, your bones become more brittle and you are more likely to suffer more from falls than anything else. The main catagories for fractures are displaced, nondisplaced, open and closed. Displaced and non displaced fractures refer to the way the bone breaks.

Fracture Types

• Greenstick fracture: an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent. This type which mostly occures in children.
• Transverse fracture is a fracture at a right angle to the bone's axis.
• Oblique fracture is a fracture in which the break has a more of curved or sloped shape.
• Comminuted fracture is a fracture in which the bone is broken into several pieces.
• An impacted fracture is when the bones ends are interefered into each other. Its common on the arm fractures in children and is sometimes called the buckle fracture. Other types of fracture are pathologic fracture, caused by a disease that weakens the bones, and stress fracture, a hairline crack.
• Other types of fracture are pathologic fracture, caused by a disease that weakens the bones, and stress fracture.

How does a tumor grow?

A tumor is the swelling of a part of the body which is caused by an irregular growth of tissue determining whether it is benign or malignant. Tumors can grow from many reasons usually impossible to control. The growth begins to happen when the cells inside the tumor begin to divide. They begin to divide through complicated cellular signaling which brings new hormones and growth factors depending on the tumor. When the tumor grows about half a millimeter long it needs blood vessels supplies to prevent the tumor from growing. The risks for tumors outweigh the benefits. To monitor the tumor, it is best to call a physician so they can give the patient medication. The best way to stop the tumor from growing is to not smoke, maintain a healthy weight, and to go to the doctor regularity to check cancer screening.

Was John Gey ethical?

No, I don't believe it was ethical of John Gey to take Henrietta's cells without permission. Henrietta was given several forms but didn't really know what she was signing because she never had the education to know exactly what was going on. The doctors had taken advantage of Henrietta's cells without her permission and I think it should be illegal to commit such an action. John Gey merely took the cells to help his own research on his project rather than to help Henrietta on getting rid of cancer. Even though it wasn't ethical, John Geys research for the cells did help improve science by giving a new knowledge of disease and medicine to help save other peoples lives. But through the research of the cells ended up invading the Lacks families privacy and would forever stay that way. John Gey wasn't ethical for taking Henrietta's cells without consents but it did give a new revolution in the world or medicine for more people.

What I wanted to learn about Reproduction

One of the main reasons why I want to learn reproduction is because Im a female and I want to understand my body more and the reproduction and process of getting kids. I want to learn about whats inside the female reproductive system and what roles do the organs play in the body. I want to learn more about the uterus in the body and its function. I want to know more about the development of babies and how the sperm enters and eventually creates the baby. I want to learn more about sex cells and gametes. I want to know about the statistics of reproduction per year and if reproduction is beneficial or harmful for our enviorment. I also want to learn more about how genes play a role in looks and personality. I want to know if theres a way to change genes to make children look different.I think reproduction is a very interesting topic and more people should know more about the subject.

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 37-38

Timeline

Chapter 37:

September 11, 2001--The day of 9/11. The meeting/conference about Henrietta ended up being canceled, and Deborah didn't go.
Five days after September 11--Deborah gets a stroke, and Davon and Pullum immediately took her to the hospital for her aid.
Two months after Deborah's stroke and recovery--Sonny's granddaughter JaBrea is baptized at Pullum's church. 

Chapter 38:

2002--Gary died of a heart attack.
2003--Sonny ended up having a quintuple bypass.
2004--Deborah leaves her husband, Pullum, and moves into an apartment.
2006--Deborah divorces Pullum.
January 18, 2009--Skloot returns to go see the town of Clover, Virginia once again.
May 21, 2009--Skloot calls Deborah again, and calls Sonny, telling him that she needs Deborah to return her calls. Sonny tells her that Deborah died.

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 33-36

Discussion Master
Chapter 33:
1. What did Lurz’s gentle statement to Deborah about her quest to learn details of Elise’s life:
“Sometimes learning can be just as painful as not knowing.”  How does that quote relate to an event in your life and expierences.
2. If you were given a genealogy opportunity, what dead relative – who you have never met – would
you explore?
Chapter 34:
1. Throughout the authors work of researching and writing “Immortal Life,” and especially during this hotel stay,how do you think Rebecca maintained her – for the most part – literary focus through the Lacks children’s chaotic lives and abnormal behavior?
2. Going back on the events described at the bottom of page 283:  Did Rebecca’s reaction affect the book’s progress?
Chapter 35:
1. How did Gary's actions affect Deborah’s manic behavior? Why did it affect her so much?  
2. How did you feel about how the readers reacted to Gary’s prayer that God transfer Deborah’s burdens to?
Rebecca.
Chapter 36:
1. What are some feelings the readers and characters feel about Rebecca’s question:  “You believe Henrietta is in those cells?”
2. Is it possible that researching and writing this book and interacting with Lacks family members,
affected Rebecca’s religious mind‐set?

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 29-32 Timeline

Chapter 29
Ten months after the first conversation on the phone with Deborah--Skloot gets a call from Deborah, after almost a year.
July 9, 2000--Rebecca Skloot and Deborah meet each other for the first time, face to face.
Deborah wants to work with Rebecca on the book; they agree on a collaboration on July 9, 2000 near the Baltimore harbor.  
Chapter 30
2000--Skloot meets Zakariyya.
With Deborah as chauffeur and her grandsons Davon and Alfred as rear‐seat passengers, Rebecca goes to Zakariyya’s apartment so she can have the oppurtunity to interview Henrietta’s youngest son.
Chapter 31
April 2001--Deborah receives a call from the president of the National Foundation for Cancer Research. He wanted her to place her on the stage, for an event as a tribute to Henrietta.
Deborah becomes a historian, researcher, and investigator. 
Respectful of Deborah’s quandary as to whether Rebecca – or others – was being paid for Henrietta’s story, Rebecca agrees to build a Henrietta Lacks Descendants Scholarship when the book is published. Rebecca then introduces Deborah to the World Wide Web which shows Deborah to fascinating and long‐winded Henrietta and HeLa searches.
Chapter 32
May 11, 2001--Deborah, Skloot, and Zakariyya go to Johns Hopkins to see Henrietta's cells. Their "guide" is Christoph Lengauer. Henrietta cells have become a cure for cancer mainly because of the mothers cells.
Deborah, Zakariyya, and Rebecca all meet up with Christoph at the Johns Hopkins lab to investigate on the HeLa cells and work on their commerce.

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 25-28

Quotes:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 21-24

Vocab

Disease Blog: Arthritis

Arthritis

What is Arthritis?

The US National Library of Medicine says that if you have trouble moving around or feel pain and stiffness in your body, you could have arthritis. In the majority of cases arthritis. Causes pain and swelling in the joints. Eventually a swollen joint can suffer severe damage. In some cases, arthritis can cause problems in the patient's eye, skin or other organs. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in every 5 American adults, about 50 million people, have doctor-diagnosed arthritis. As the country's population ages, it is estimated that this number will increase to at least 67% by 2030. Arthritis is not a single disease - it covers over 100 medical conditions. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and generally affects elderly patients. Some forms of arthritis can affect people at a very early age.

What causes Arthritis?

Basically, a joint is where one bone moves on another bone. Ligaments hold the two bones together. The ligaments are like elastic bands, while they keep the bones in place your muscles relax or contract to make the joint move.

Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two bones from rubbing directly against each other and the covering of the cartilage allows the joint to work smoothly and painlessly.

A capsule surrounding the joint is the space within the joint - the joint cavity - has synovial fluid. Synovial fluid nourishes the joint and the cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by the synovium (synovial membrane) which lines the joint cavity.

If you have arthritis something goes wrong with the joint(s). What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis you have. It could be that the cartilage is wearing away, a lack of fluid, autoimmunity (your body attacking itself), infection, or a combination of many factors.

Medications for Arthritis:

Medications

One with Arthritis can use medications known as asnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The drugs react with the chemicals called prostaglandins in the body, which trigger pain, inflammation, and fever. Some NSAIDs are available over-the-counter for relief of pain and fever at your local drugstore, including ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin. There are also many other prescription NSAIDs available such as celecoxib (Celebrex), ketoprofen (Orudis), naproxen (Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene), and sulindac (Clinoril); you'll need a prescription from your doctor. Prescription doses of NSAIDs also curb inflammation

Career Blog: Athletic Trainer

Athletic Trainers

Work:

Athletic trainers are highly qualified health professionals who are trained to prevent, recognize, manage, and rehabilitate injuries that result from physical activity. Athletic trainers can help you avoid unnecessary medical treatment and disruption of normal daily life; if you're injured, they are trained to work with your healthcare provider to get you on the mend and keep you on the move. 

Salaries:

• Youth sports (up 41%, to $46,296)
• Professional sports (up 31%, to $50,515)
• High schools (up 16%, to $42,442)
• Hospitals (up 15%, to $54,292)
• Performing arts (up 15%, to $56,135)
• Government settings (up 9%, to $50,71

Working Conditions:

Athletic trainers work environment isn't always the same. Athletic trainers may work under a licensed physician and work with other health care providers. The high school, college or professional team that the athletic trainer works gives an idea of the work environment. Many athletic trainers work indoors most of the time like at indoor sport events or at an office and others work outside at outdoor sport events or practices. Being an athletic trainer requires standing for long period of time, working with medical equipment and being able to walk, run, kneel, stoop or crawl. Trainers must be able to travel for sports team. Schedules for athletic trainers vary because of work settings. Athletic trainers that work in an office or private practice usually work about 40-50 hours per week with nights and weekend off. Athletic trainers that work in hospitals or clinics may spend part of their time working at the hospital or clinics, and the other part of their time they working at other locations such as high school or colleges helping any athletes that are hurt or got hurt during practice that day. They also go to high schools, colleges or commercial businesses to provide athletic training services and talking to them about preventing injuries. certified athletic trainer works under the direction of a physician and in cooperation with other healthcare professionals, athletics administrators, coaches and parents. The certified athletic trainer gets to know each patient/client individually and can treat injuries more effectively.

Athletic Trainers Professional Settings:

• Professional and collegiate sports
• Secondary and intermediate schools
• Sports medicine clinics
• Hospital emergency rooms and rehab clinics
• Occupational settings
• Performing arts
• Law enforcement and military 
• Physician offices   

References:

http://www.nata.org/athletic-training

http://caate.net/becoming-an-athletic-trainer/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 19-20

Drawings

Chapter 19

Deborah ended up getting pregnant at 16 and wanted to drop out of school, but Bobbette refused to let her quit so he watched her baby while she went to school and studied her courses.

Joe became constantly angry and aggressive after he came back from the army. He went to Clover to adjust his life but ended up fighting with people over there as well. Eventaully, he came back to Baltimore and turned himself in.

Chapter 20

The new research showed that the HeLa cells had contaminated 18 of the most common cell lines used in research after the new advances of the cancer research.

The new programs to identify the HeLa cells all leaded back to the identification of the Lacks family.

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 17-18

Drawings 

Chapter 17

There was a long effort of research carried out using the HeLa cells that were conducted by a virologist named Chester Southam which began in 1954.

Chester continued his resesarch of cancer cells on 600 patients with cancer cells which included every gynecological surgery patient at the hospital by lying he was only testing them for cancer, The research eventually ended when a few Jewish doctors figured out the hoax.

Chapter 18

Research showed that normal cell cultures eventually died or later changed and became cancerous. When cells turned cancerous they all acted the same way and functioned differently almost contaminated.

Cell sex or somatic cell fusion HeLa cells with animals which produced hybrids which provided new branches of cell research but it did give away a negative reaction to the public.

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 15-16

Discussion Questions:

Chapter 15

1) Is there a sense of Deborah's mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about Galen?

How do those feelings play a part in her molestation?

2)Why was Ethel allowed to continue treating the Lacks children for as long as she did?

3)What will happen to Joe due to treatment he was given at such a small age(child)?

Chapter 16

1) Why did Cliff bring Skloot to the family cemetery? What was the purpose?

How does race still play a role in communities like Clover?

2)Why do the "white" and "colored" Lacks families have different ideas/rules about their interconnections and what made them think differently?

3)How does the Lacks family history in the book compare to Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings point of view?

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 13-14

Discussion Questions:

Chapter 13:
Discussion Questions:
1.The author notes that Tuskegee Institute, site of the first HeLa production
factory, was also home to the notorious Tuskegee Syphilis Study. How are these two
projects similar? How are they different?
2.Why is standardization of procedures considered so critical to scientific 
research?How can that standardization also limit the growth of research? 
3.Did Microbiological Associates have the right to begin growing and selling HeLa
cells, even though they had played no role in developing them?

Chapter 14:
1)Why do the journalists find it so necessary to find out Henriettas name and contact her family for stories about Henrietta and her life?
2)Why did George Gey reject to acknowledge Henrietta Lacks for journalists?
3)Should Gey and his colleges have explain and tell the Lacks family about the history of HeLa? Why or why not?

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 11-12

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 11:
1.) How well liked was Henrietta in the Sparrous Point Community?
2.) Throughout the reading on Chapter 11 and the previous chapters, how close was the Lacks family? How does their family compare to your own, or to others you know about?
3.) What are the reactions that were given to the medical decisions involving the blood transitions and discontinuing cancer treatment for Henrietta Lacks?
4.) Although Henriettas family wasn't physically wealthy, can we assume that the Lacks family was rich in other aspects?
5.)How did Emmet describe Henrietta in the hospital?

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 12:
1.) Why was it a surprise for Dr. Geys assistant to think of Henrietta as a human when she saw the chipped hail polish? Do doctors and scientists tend to see patients as bodies or specimens rather than people? What are some examples of this can you see in the book? Should doctors and scientists do this? Why and why not?
2.)How did the Lacks cousins interpret the sudden storm during Henriettas funeral? Do you agree with their reaction?
3.) What significance does the public viewing of a deceased body have for the community?
4.) How did Cousin Peter interpret the sudden storm? What do you think of his reaction? 

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 9-10

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 9:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 10:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 7-8

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 7:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 8:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 5-6

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 5:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 6:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 3-4

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 1-2

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 1:

Henrietta Lacks Chapter 2:

Chapter 2 demonstrates Henrietta's life as a child. It explains that Henrietta was born in Roanoke, Virginia on August 1, 1920 by her mother was Loretta Pleasant. They also mention that Henrietta had 8 other siblings and how her mothers died after her tenth pregnancy. Her father was lazy and didn't want to raise the kids so he decided to send his children away to his family in Clover, Virginia. The siblings became split up and as time progressed Henrietta ended up living with her grandparents. With her grandparents, she met her cousin, which later becomes her husband, David Pleasant. She and all of her cousins worked the tobacco farms that their family owned to earn enough money during crop season to feed the family for the year. Times passes and Henrietta and David, also called Day, started having children and got married in April of 1941. Soon after, their cousin Fred came back to visit from Baltimore where he worked at a steel company in Sparrow's Point. He convinced Day to come with him and earn enough to move Henrietta and the children there. Finally, when Fred was drafted overseas he gave Day all the money he had saved and Henrietta and her two children left Clover to start a new life.

"Day gives all of his savings to Henrietta and her children so they can start a new life."

"Henrietta's family worked on tobacco farms which helped them gain money to support themselves."

"Henrietta gets married to David Pleasant on April of 1941 and have children to work on the farms."

Histologist

A Day in the Life of a Histologist

There are four workers in Histology:

The first are medically qualified histopathologists who carry out the microscopical examination and diagnosis of the tissue samples. They are also involved in the work of mortuaries and provide a post-mortem service for HM Coroner and their Health Authority. They often have advanced roles involving management, medical research, consultancy, media and education.The second group of staff are biomedical scientists. This group of staff carry out the scientific processes and techniques to produce the material that the histopathologist examines when making the diagnosis. This involves preparing tissue for processing into paraffin embedded blocks and then cutting the sections for staining. The recent development of advanced roles in specimen dissection has seen many biomedical scientists taking on some of the roles traditionally carried out by the histopathologist within the specimen dissection room.This staff group also carry out the staining techniques to demonstrate the tissue components, infective agents etc and also carry out Immunological staining of tumours and tissues to identify specific proteins within the tissues which once identified can aid in the diagnosis of the disease condition.In more recent times, with the advent of molecular biology techniques, biomedical scientists also carry out molecular techniques to identify specific proteins, hormone receptors, viruses and enzymes in tissues, which enhance both the diagnosis and the treatment of the patient. The demonstration of the Her2 receptor site is especially important in determining which breast cancer patients are suitable for Herceptin therapy.The third group of staff are associate practitioners and medical laboratory assistants. This group of staff provide a variety of support activities to both the histopathologists and biomedical scientists and in some cases perform advanced roles in some areas traditionally covered by biomedical scientists.The fourth group are mortuary or anatomical pathology technicians. This group of staff is responsible for providing support to histopathologists during post mortems and organise the mortuary services. They also liase with the Coroner’s Officers and undertakers with regard to burials and cremations of the deceased, ensuring that the deceased and the relatives of deceased receive a respectful bereavement service.Together with cytology, histology forms the pathology discipline of cellular pathology.

How do you become a Histologist?

What It Takes

Histotechnicians have certain common characteristics that are problem solvers.  They like challenge and responsibility and are accurate, reliable, work well under pressure and are able to finish a task once started.  They communicate well, both in writing and speaking.  They set high standards for themselves and expect quality in the work they do.  But, above all, they are deeply committed to their profession, and are truly fascinated by all that science has to offer. The exploration never ends.

Education

To be a histotechnician, you need a solid foundation in high school sciences — biology, chemistry, math and computer science.  You’ll need clinical education in a histotechnician (HT) program accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS) or an associate degree from a community college and training at a hospital.  A license requirement to practice as a histologist differs from state to state.  There is not a national license requirement. Preparing for a career as a histotechnician is a good investment in your future.  Unlike many other careers, your education as a histotechnician will prepare you directly for a job.  While you’re going to school, you may be able to work part-time in a laboratory to earn extra money. And you could start working full-time the day after you graduate.

Certification

To be sure that laboratory workers are competent and able to perform high quality laboratory tests, the American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Certification (BOC) gives two national certification exams for histology, the histotechnician (HT) and histotechnologist (HTL).  The histotechnologist performs more complex techniques such as enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. A histotechnologist can teach, be a supervisor in a laboratory or be the director of a school for histotechnology

Salary:

The American Society for Clinical Pathology in 2010 collected data that shows that the average income for histology technicians throughout the U.S. was $22.68 per hour, or $47,174 per year. Supervisors averaged $29.48 per hour, or $61,318 per year.

Breast Cancer 10/31/14

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Common symptoms of breast cancer is a new lump or mass. A hard mass with irregular edges likely to be cancerous, but breast cancers can be tender, soft, or rounded and painful. Its important to have any new breast mass or lump or breast change checked by a health care professional experienced in diagnosing breast diseases.

Symptoms of breast cancer include:

• Swelling of all or part of a breast (even if no distinct lump is felt)
• Skin irritation or dimpling
• Breast or nipple pain
• Nipple retraction (turning inward)
• Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin
• Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)

Treatments

The main types of treatment for breast cancer are:

• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Hormone Therapy
• Targeted Therapy
• Bone-Directed Therapy

The treatments are classified into broad groups, based on how they work and when they are used.

Prognosis

Stage	5-year Relative Survival Rate
0		100%
I		100%
II		93%
III		72%
IV		22%

References to Breast Cancer

1. National Cancer Institute (2013). SEER stat fact sheets: Breast. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2010. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available online: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html.
2. National Cancer Institute (2012). Breast cancer risk in American women. National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/probability-breast-cancer.
3. Dizon DS, et al. (2009). Breast cancer. In RR Barakat et al., eds., Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, 5th ed., pp. 897–945. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
   
   
   

Physiology Quiz Questions 10/31/14

1. What type of symmetry does the dugesia have?
bilateral symmetry

2. What term is used to describe how a planarian can regrow its body parts?
regeneration

3. Which of the following is associated with the planarian's nervous system?
ganglia

4. Asexual reproduction can occur through a process called:
binary fission

5. A hermaphrodite is an animal that:
has both male and female parts

6. The dugesia belongs to the phylum:
turbellaria

7. How could a a person catch a dugesia?
using a net to siphon them from the surface of the water

8. An animal that has no internal body cavity to hold organs is called a(n):
turbellarian

9. How does the dugesia obtain oxygen?
with its flame cells

10. The dugesia will tend to stay in what areas?
dark 

Introduction to Physiology

To start the school year 2014-2015, I am taking the class Physiology. For the first semester, we will be learning about Anatomy and for the second semester we will learn more about Physiology. I find the class interesting because we get to learn about the amazing qualities about the human body and how it functions. Throughout the course we will be focusing on organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system.